PDF → FB2

What is PDF?

PDF is Adobe's fixed-layout document format. It records what to draw at which coordinate on a page rather than which paragraph a sentence belongs to. The layout is therefore identical everywhere, which suits contracts, papers and scans. The cost is that PDF is inherently hostile to reflow: line breaks are usually visual, extracted text often carries hard returns and scrambled column order, and scanned PDFs contain images only, with no text layer at all.

What is FB2?

FB2 (FictionBook 2) is an open XML-based e-book format that is very popular in Russian-speaking regions. Body text, metadata and illustrations all live in one XML file, with images usually embedded as Base64, so a single .fb2 is a complete book that is easy to distribute. It has clean structure and carries chapters and author data natively; the drawbacks are larger size (Base64 inflates images by roughly a third) and less reader support outside Russian-language markets.

What to watch out for when converting PDF to FB2

Extracting from the source

Line breaks in PDF are mostly visual, not paragraph ends: one paragraph may arrive as five separate text blocks, each with its own hard return. Merging them back requires heuristics based on line width and sentence endings. A scanned PDF has no text layer at all, so extraction returns nothing until you run OCR.

Writing the target format

FB2 requires structured XML body text, Base64-embedded images and metadata inside <description>. It supports almost no CSS, so it suits text-plus-illustration books rather than layout-heavy titles.

Where the two formats interact

• Layout must be rebuilt: the paragraph, column and figure positions in the source were arranged for a fixed page and mean nothing once the target reflows. The converter can only re-stitch a text stream, so paragraphs may merge wrongly, columns may interleave and figures may land mid-sentence. Read the first few chapters afterwards, watching dialogue breaks and figure placement.
• The source is one full-page image per page while the target reflows: each image is inserted in sequence, and with no text layer you end up with an image stream. The result is usually huge and unsearchable — a worse reading experience than the original.
• The source has no chapter concept (comics and PDFs are page-based) while the target expects navigation. The converter can only split mechanically by page or fixed length, producing a semantically empty TOC. Ignore it if you do not need navigation, but do not expect real chapters to appear.

Post-conversion checklist

1. Convert the first three chapters as a trial and check for lost text, interleaved lines or misplaced blocks before doing the whole book.
2. Check chapter splitting: the TOC entry count should match the real chapter count.
3. Jump to five random spots and search a character name to confirm the text is fully searchable.
4. Confirm illustration count and placement — check that images are not all dumped at the end of a chapter.
5. Fill in title, author and language — a wrong language tag breaks typesetting such as Chinese line breaking.

Converting novels: what is different

Fiction is the most common and the most peculiar kind of e-book: hundreds or thousands of chapters, almost no figures, often nothing but a TXT source, and Chinese sources that frequently carry anti-piracy garbling. These are the points that bite hardest.

• A long novel can run to hundreds or thousands of chapters, so the table of contents decides whether the result is usable. Normalise chapter headings to one recognisable pattern first — say "Chapter N Title" alone on its own line — or the target will miss chapters, merge them, or collapse the whole book into one.
• Volume markers ("Volume One", "Volume Two") usually degrade to ordinary headings, losing the volume/chapter hierarchy. If that matters, promote volume headings one level in an editor afterwards so they are not siblings of chapter titles.

Tools for converting PDF to FB2

Any of the tools below can handle this direction; pick one by your operating system and how many files you have. Read the previous section first — doing the steps out of order (converting a scanned file before running OCR, for instance) usually means starting over.

Common questions

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